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Expert Assessment

The Authors

This research assessment was commissioned by the Observatory on Information and Democracy and led by a multi-disciplinary team of international experts.

Robin Mansell

Lead Author

Professor Emerita at the London School of Economics. Expert in information and communication technologies (ICT) and the sociopolitical economy of digital media.

Flavia Durach

Co-Author

National University of Political Studies and Public Administration (SNSPA), Bucharest. Expert in disinformation and digital resilience.

Matthias Kettemann

Co-Author

Professor at the University of Innsbruck. Expert in internet law and the governance of digital platforms.

Théophile Lenoir

Co-Author

Researcher at the University of Leeds and the Observatory on Information and Democracy. Expert in platform regulation and digital ethics.

Rob Procter

Co-Author

Professor of Social Informatics at the University of Warwick. Specializes in the social aspects of AI and machine learning.

Gyan Prakash Tripathi

Co-Author

Director of Research at the Observatory on Information and Democracy. Lead investigator on the 2025 assessment.

Emily Tucker

Co-Author

Executive Director at the Center on Privacy & Technology. Expert in surveillance and AI accountability.